Employment - Lesson Plan - Class 12 -2018

Indian Economy Class 11/12

Topic - Employment

Article to read – Get on the job of making jobs

Source The Economic Times

Page 14

Author Varun Gandhi

Get on the job making jobs

India should ideally be in a sweet spot with regards to generating employment for its youth. Yet, there is something amiss. Somehow, each public sector vacancy draws a large multiple of applicants, most of them overqualified. Just recently, the Railway Recruitment Board conducted examinations to fill about 1.9 lakh posts. There were over 4.25 crore applicants, a ratio of 225 per vacancy, with even PhD holders applying for Group D staff positions. Similarly, for 62 police messenger posts in Uttar Pradesh, there were over 93,000 candidates, while for just five peon posts in Rajasthan, there were over 23,000 applicants.

In September 2015, there were over 23 lakh applications for 368 peon positions, with more than 250 doctorates and about 25,000 post-graduates applicants. Meanwhile, the Directorate of Economics and Statistics in Chhattisgarh received over 75,000 applications for just 30 peon posts in August 2015, while Jadavpur University, Kolkata, in April 2018 received over 11,000 applications for 70 peon posts.

Clearly, something is skewed in our job market. Even after the advent of privatisation, the public sector still offers better job security and a slew of post-retirement benefits that low-paying private sector jobs simply can’t match. The emolument for a general helper (the lowest-ranked government employee) is Rs 22,579, about double that in the private sector (Seventh Pay Commission). The challenge, it seems, lies in the inability of our economy to generate many jobs.

It is hard to quantify this problem, given that our labour market data itself is fuzzy and fragmented. National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data on employment-unemployment, where available, is dated, while other sources have limited scope. Such surveys also fail to take into account the quality of employment, limiting our view on disguised and gainful employment. While the Seventh Quarterly Employment Survey (QES) indicates that 1.36 lakh jobs were created — much higher than the 64,000 jobs created in the preceding quarter — it cannot cater to the requirements of more than a million joining the workforce each month.

New Jobs, and Then Some

While Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) enrolments are utilised as a proxy, this can be inconclusive given that it could simply be including the formalisation of existing jobs as well. Bifurcating EPFO enrolment data into new employees joining firms already covered under EPFO (adjusted for multiple accounts) and employees in firms coming under the EPFO umbrella, driven by legislation might help.

Expansion of the scope and frequency of NSSO and QES surveys would also contribute towards bringing clarity.

About 80% of our employed workforce is engaged in informal employment, with just 17% actually being supported by a regular salary. The Fifth Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey highlighted that just 21.6% of the workforce actually availed social security benefits.

While, ideally, greater public spending could provide a solution to tackling this job crisis, there is limited headroom for such investment, given an eight-year investment slowdown, near-stagnant exports and an increasing import burden. Private investments continue to remain muted with significant spare capacities. The rise of automation further compounds this complexity, potentially closing off development pathways for India.

Over 69% of jobs in India are at threat due to automation, thereby ensuring that employment policy needs to focus on the creation of new avenues for employment. Meanwhile, employment generation in key industries (such as textiles) remains shackled by policy and intent.

India needs a finalised National Employment Policy, which besides areas of employment can provide policy inputs on various socioeconomic issues. Such a policy would articulate the nation’s aspirations for its youth to grow up safe, healthy, happy and resilient, while working towards a socially productive life. We need to reform labour laws and provide tax benefits to key employment-generating industries.

The apparel industry is over 80 times more labour intensive than automotives; about 240 times more labour intensive than steel; each incremental lakh rupee invested can create 29 additional jobs (including eight for women). Similarly, every lakh rupee invested in the leather and footwear sector can potentially create seven additional jobs.

Besides quantity of jobs, quality of jobs generated matters as well, which can be improved with improving the reach and intensity of skilling programmes. Additional job-based fiscal incentives can be explored for brownfield establishments, in addition to the existing range of activity-, location-or industry-based incentives.

We need to reform our employment exchanges, transforming them into job centres — privately or publicly run. They should offer aggregation of recruitment operations, connecting young people with employment, community and useful personal networks. Combining this with a social security benefit delivery would help streamline the welfare system as well.

Killer Skills

The National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) should consider launching a Youth Development Support Programme, one which financially supports eligible NGOs that encourage the youth to develop skills, combined with apprenticeship programmes at a district level.

Entrepreneurship needs to be encouraged socially as well. Removal of barriers to opening an SME business remains key. A lack of access to finance, limited awareness about government schemes and infrastructural bottlenecks continue to stifle their growth. India’s banking sector needs to be pushed towards investing heavily in the SME sector. Instruments like atwo-year placement holiday in tertiary institutions like the IITs and IIMs should be utilised to boost risk taking.

Youth is a significant period of development. Providing India’s young with an encouraging environment is in our interests, and our responsibility. Unemployment remains their bane. Mere rhetoric will no longer do.

Q1 What is the problem of the government when it declares a post for a government job? Give examples relating to the article

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Q2 Why the people are so attach to public sector job ?

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Q3 Define the term informal employment ?

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Q4 What are the benefits of formal employment ?

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Q5 How can automation remove employment in the country ?

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Q6 Give the full forms of

Ø  NSSO

Ø  QES

Ø  EPFO

Ø  NSDC

Ø  SME

Q7 Explain the term “ Labour Intensive Industry “

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Q8 Give examples of certain labour industry which can generate employment opportunity

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Q9 How can banking sector help to create employment opportunity ?

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Q10 What role that employment exchange can bring in creating employment opportunity

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Measures of central tendency - Mean,Median and Mode

Questions for practice

Class 11

Board –CBSE

Pankaj Bhanwani #9899971997

Topic – Measures of Central Tendency – Mean, median and mode

Q1 Find out median

Serial Number	Number of households
1	2
2	4
3	10
4	8
5	15
6	20
7	12
8	25
9	30

Answer -20

Q2 List of electric lamps is given in the following table. Calculate the median and mode by grouping method

Life in hours	Number of lamps
Below 400	4
400-800	12
800-1200	40
1200-1600	41
2000-2400	13
2400-2800	9
Above 2800	4

Answer Median -1385.6

Mode -1226.66

Q3 Calculate mean of the following

Marks	Number of students
Less than 10	4
Less than 20	10
Less than 30	20
Less than 40	40
Less than 50	50

Answer 30.2

Q4 Find the missing frequency , if the mean is 29

Class Interval	F
0-10	5
10-20	F
20-30	12
30-40	18
40-50	5
50-60	3
Answer	7

Q5 The mean marks of  60 students in section A are 40 and mean marks of 40 students in section B are 35 . Calculate the combined mean of all the students of section A and B

Answer 38

Q6 Calculate mode by grouping method

Wages	No of person
125	3
175	8
225	21
275	6
325	4
375	2
Answer	225

Q7 The mean salary paid to 1000 workers of a factory was found to be Rs180.4 Later on it was discovered that the wages of 2 workers were wrongly taken as 297 and 165 instead of 197 and 185 .Find the correct mean

Answer 180.32

Planet or Plastic ? 18 billion pounds of plastic ends up in the ocean each year - A project work

Class 1 to 12 

Project work on sustainable development 

@Pankaj Bhanwani

Planet or Plastic 

150 years ago we created a lightweight,strong, and inexpensive material

Today this miracle material helps keep hearts beating and planes in the air

More than 40% of it is used just onced,then tossed

Some 9 million tons of it end up in the ocean each year

 

This blog is a photographic blog which I have written by collecting the photographs from internet and other magzines

It could be an eye opener for all of us that we can stop using plastic

It could be a great project for any class from class 1 to any level about sustainable development

I start with some photographs about how plastics have badly affected environment

An old plastic fishing net snares a logger-head turtle in the mediterranean off spain The turtle could stretch its neck above water to breathe but would have died had the photographer not freed it " Ghost fishing " by derelict gear is a big threat to sea turtles

Some animals now live in a world of plastics - like these hyenas scavenging in the landfills in Harar , Ethiopia . They listen for garbage trucks and find much of their food in trash

On Okinawa , Japan , a hermit crab resorts to a plastic bottle cap to protect its soft abdomen . Beachgoers collect the shells the crab normally use , and they leave trash behind

The photographer freed this struck from a plastic bag at a land fill in Spain . One bag can kill more than once : Carcasses decay , but plastic lasts and can choke or trap again

If you licked one of these "treats", you will encounter cigarete butts ,oil oozing trash, and a whole lot of plastic and other unsavory pollutants . Three art students collected water from a hundred sites around Taiwan and then froze it into blocks 

After sheets of clear plastic trash have been washed in the Buri-Ganga river , in Dhaka,Bangladesh , Noorjahan spreads them out to dry , turning them regularly- while also tending to her son . The plastic will eventually be sold to a recycler . Less than a fifth of all plastic gets recycled globally . In the U.S . its less than 10%

 Forget Bitcoin. The hottest potential new currency lies in our trashbins, Arthur Huang says, and he's built a portable recycling plant to prove it. His solar-powered Trashpresso turns plastic waste into small tiles that can be used to build walls and floors

In Dhaka, Bangladesh, a man adds to a mountain of discarded plastic bottles.

Six Things You Can Do (and Feel No Pain)

1. Give up plastic bags. Take your own reusable ones to the store. A trillion plastic shopping bags are used worldwide every year, and 100 billion in the United States alone—that’s almost one per American per day. The average Dane, in contrast, goes through four single-use bags per year. Denmark passed the first bag tax in 1993.

2. Skip straws. Unless you have medical needs, and even then you could use paper ones. Americans toss 500 million plastic straws every day, or about 1.5 per person.

3. Pass up plastic bottles. Invest in a refillable water bottle. Some come with filters if you’re worried about water quality. A handful of cities, including Bundanoon, Australia, and San Francisco, have banned or partially banned bottled water. But around the world, nearly a million plastic beverage bottles are sold every minute.

4. Avoid plastic packaging. Buy bar soap instead of liquid. Buy in bulk. Avoid produce sheathed in plastic. And while you’re at it, give up plastic plates and cups. The French are (partially) banning the stuff.

5. Recycle what you can. Even in rich countries, recycling rates are low. Globally, 18 percent of all plastic is recycled. Europe manages 30 percent, China 25—the United States only 9.

6. Don’t litter. The Ocean Conservancy has run beach cleanups for 30 years. Of the top 10 types of trash they find, the only nonplastic item is glass bottles. Worldwide, 73 percent of beach litter is plastic: cigarette butts (the filters), bottles and caps, food wrappers, grocery bags, polystyrene containers. In 2016 the conservancy collected 9,200 tons of trash in 112 countries—around a thousandth of what enters the ocean each year.