Case Study _ Government Budget _Class 12_MCRO Economics

 

Class 12
Macro Economics
Chapter Government Budget

Note - The case study can also be studied under statistics analysis

The income tax department had collected Rs 9.51 lakh crore during the same period a year ago.

Net direct tax collection grew 18.3 percent to about Rs 11.25 lakh crore as of October 10 this fiscal, government data showed on Friday.

The mop-up includes personal income tax collection of Rs 5.98 lakh crore and corporate tax collection of Rs 4.94 lakh crore. Securities Transaction Tax (STT) stood at Rs 30,630 crore, while other taxes (including equalization levy and gift tax) earned Rs 2,150 crore.

The income tax department had collected Rs 9.51 lakh crore during the same period a year ago.

Refunds worth Rs 2.31 lakh crore were issued between April 1 and October 10, a growth of 46 per cent.

On a gross basis, direct tax collection grew 22.3 per cent to Rs 13.57 lakh crore. The collection includes PIT (personal income tax) of Rs 7.13 lakh crore and corporate tax of Rs 6.11 lakh crore.

The government has budgeted to collect Rs 22.07 lakh crore in the current fiscal from direct taxes.

What was the net direct tax collection as of October 10 this fiscal year?

a) Rs 9.51 lakh crore

b) Rs 11.25 lakh crore

c) Rs 13.57 lakh crore

d) Rs 22.07 lakh crore

Answer: b) Rs 11.25 lakh crore

 

What was the personal income tax collection as of October 10 this fiscal?

a) Rs 7.13 lakh crore

b) Rs 5.98 lakh crore

c) Rs 6.11 lakh crore

d) Rs 9.51 lakh crore

Answer: b) Rs 5.98 lakh crore

 

By what percentage did net direct tax collection grow as of October 10 this fiscal?

a) 18.3%

b) 22.3%

c) 46%

d) 13%

Answer: a) 18.3%

 

What was the amount collected through Securities Transaction Tax (STT) as of October 10 this fiscal?

a) Rs 5.98 lakh crore

b) Rs 7.13 lakh crore

c) Rs 30,630 crore

d) Rs 2,150 crore

Answer: c) Rs 30,630 crore

 

What is the government's target for direct tax collection in the current fiscal?

a) Rs 11.25 lakh crore

b) Rs 13.57 lakh crore

c) Rs 22.07 lakh crore

d) Rs 9.51 lakh crore

Answer: c) Rs 22.07 lakh crore

Assertion (A): Net direct tax collection grew by 18.3% to Rs 11.25 lakh crore as of October 10 this fiscal year.

Reason (R): The increase in tax collection is primarily due to higher Securities Transaction Tax (STT) and corporate tax collections.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is true, but R is false.

d) A is false, but R is true.

Answer: b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

 

Assertion (A): Refunds worth Rs 2.31 lakh crore were issued between April 1 and October 10, growing by 46%.

Reason (R): The increase in refunds is due to a rise in personal income tax collections.

a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is true, but R is false.

d) A is false, but R is true.

Answer: c) A is true, but R is false.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Degrees don’t fetch jobs for Indians.Case Study Class 10_11_12 CBSE_Economics

 Class 10

Class 11

Class 12

Case Study

Chapters Covered

Human Capital

Employment

Growth and Development

The high unemployment among graduates could only mean that there is a big gap between what skills individuals have amassed through education and what the industries want.

The latest Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) puts India’s unemployment rate at a 6-year low of 3.2 percent for July-June of 2023 and this has cheered policymakers and markets alike. But dig a little deeper and two disturbing trends within the labour force emerge. much of the increase in employment has come from the self-employed, not the salary class. 

Does it mean India lack job creation

A graduation degree doesn’t fetch a job for Indians and in fact, finding employment is easier at lower education levels. The unemployment rate for graduates was 13.4 percent, the highest among various education levels in 2022-23.

The high unemployment among graduates could only mean that there is a big gap between what skills individuals have amassed through education and what the industries want. 

Indians are spending on education but are not able to find jobs. Perhaps some of those who find employment do not find high quality ones, given the stagnant wages. India's world-beating GDP growth of India is also jobless growth.

Questions

Q1 How can we increase employment opportunities in India?

Q2 How can vocational training in school can help in providing employment opportunities

CASE STUDY - CLASS 10 AND CLASS 12 - MONEY AND CREDIT

 CASE STUDY - MONEY AND CREDIT CLASS 10 AND CLASS 12 

DATE 02/10/2023

Loan apps

An entire family of a couple and their two children allegedly committed suicide in Kerala a few days ago. The local media cited harassment by a loan app company as the reason why the family took the ultimate step. 

This is just another instance that shows a deeper problem in India’s unregulated small loan market.

Money lending is a lucrative business. There are RBI-regulated banks and NBFCs, cooperative banks, microfinance companies, credit societies, and then, illegal moneylenders in this trade. In this age of technology, the last category is the faceless rioter. They are everywhere around you, but you often don’t know who the people operating behind are. The key attraction that lures gullible borrowers to these apps is little or no documentation for the loan process.

Most borrowers, who fall prey to such lenders, are usually people with irregular income and low credit ratings. The credit barrier at bigger lenders are higher and the processing time is longer. For poor-quality borrowers, therefore, the easy-to-go loan apps are the most logical option. Little does the borrower realize that they are walking into death traps from where there is no return.

It’s easy to identify the threat if you spare a minute to think about the usurious rate of interest and recovery practices before drawing the money. Such apps typically don’t have any specific rule book or trained staff to manage credit operations. On default of a payment instalment, the harassment begins by shaming the borrower in front of his family members and friends. Such harassment tactics often end up in cases of extreme distress in these families.

With small finance banks, NBFCs and MFIs now expanding operations, small borrowers don’t need to walk into the death traps of illegal loan apps for fund requirements.

The Kerala incident is just one among hundreds of such cases.

Even as the government and the Reserve Bank of India has been cracking down on illegal digital lending apps over the last couple of years, the number of complaints against such apps have more than doubled to 1,062 in FY 23, the finance ministry has told the Lok Sabha. The numbers of FY22 are not strictly comparable with those of FY23, as the data is available only from November 2021 and the number of complaints stood at 263.

Late last year, the RBI had come up with the digital lending guidelines (DLG) under which only regulated entities (RE) could lend to customers and it added that the relationship should be directly between the lender and the borrower.

As per the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), the total number of cyber fraud cases, which includes frauds committed through online apps, stood at 14,007 in 2021, which is the latest available data. A sizable number of such financial frauds are never registered with either the police or the RBI.

What should you do to avoid such traps?

The first step is to stay away from any lenders that are not regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The regulator has a list of legal loan apps which it has shared with the government.

 Second, borrowers must report instances of harassment without delay before things take a turn for worse. Growing awareness among customers in rural centers is even more critical to prevent such cases. Stay away from such death traps.

The RBI has asked Google and Apple to stop the digital lending apps from accessing the customers' photos as well as contacts for personal loans from May 31 , 2023.

PANKAJ BHANWANI

9899971997

WHATS APP ONLY

Case Study -NIA-Class 12-2022-Economics-CBSE

@copyright

Case Study-National Income Accounting

Class 12

CBSE

Read the following extract and answer the following questions

India may log a growth rate of eight per cent of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in FY23, said the former Vice-Chairman of NITI Aayog Arvind Panagariya. “I am willing to go out on a limb on this”, he said. The Professor of Economics and Jagdish Bhagwati Professor of Indian Political Economy at Columbia University said his estimate shall be way above the highest assessed by any research organisation or government agency for the year. The RBI estimate is 7 per cent with “risks broadly balanced around this baseline path”, the Bank has noted.

The National Statistical Office shall release the GDP data for the second quarter on 30th November.

Answer the following questions

Define the term GDP

Difference between real GDP and nominal GDP

Can real GDP be more than nominal GDP and vice versa -Comment

Link of the complete article

 https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-may-log-8-growth-rate-in-real-gdp-in-fy23-says-arvind-panagariya-122110501271_1.html

For a complete mentorship help-

Contact -9899971997

Case Study -Class 09-12_Poverty_Indian Economics

 Newspaper in Education

Case Study

Class 09 - 12

Link of the article

Bogus construction workers

The above article talks about the registration of bogus construction workers and the benefit they have got in the process. It is a true example of corruption and failure of trickle down efffect

How much do you believe of it and how you can tackle these type of problems

Do comment 

Balance of Payement_Foreign Exchange_Case Study_Class 11-12_Macro Economics_CBSE

Date - 4/Aug/2022

#CBSE

#BOP

#CLASS 12

#CLASS 11

#CASE STUDY

#MACRO ECONOMICS

Link for the article-Refer to the article for answering the question

Article

Source -Hindustan Times

The message from July numbers 

Websites for reference    

https://aatmanirbharbharat.mygov.in/

It can be used to study the various schemes which can be used to develop exports for India

_________________________

https://mybs.in/2axk73t

Article by business standard

__________________________

Read the article given below followed by a discussion 

Q 1 Explain the following terms-

a)Trade deficit

b) Global Energy Prices

c) Foreign Exchange reserves

d) Macro Economy

Q 2 India export earning will continue to face headwinds-What does this mean ?

Q 3 What method do you suggest for reducing our imports and increasing exports?

For queries and suggestions and guidance in the subject  be feel free to contact me

Inflation and Statistics - Class 11/12/CBSE/Economics/Newspaper in use

Date - 20/June/21

Key Words

Inflation

Statistics

Presentation

Tabulation

Price Rise

Effect of price rise

Use of statistics

Data Analysis

Article reading

Newspaper in use

India ranks 43 on competitiveness index-Lesson Plan-Economics-Class 09-12/General Reading

#lesson

#plan

#growth

#index

#debate

The lesson starts with the reading of this paragraph taken from The Mint -Dated 18/6/2021

India’s position has remained unchanged at 43 for the third year in a row in the World Competitiveness Ranking by Switzerland-based Institute for Management Development (IMD). 

The annual ranking of 64 countries assesses the extent to which a country promotes the prosperity of its people by measuring economic well-being through hard data and survey responses from executives. 

Among the four indices used, India’s ranking in government efficiency increased to 46 from 50 a year ago, while its ranking in other parameters such as economic performance (37), business efficiency (32) and infrastructure (49) remained the same.

The student can read this article in detail

Discussion based questions

Q1 What is the most important factors which you think can affect economic growth?

Q2 How much role does government plays in improving this index?

The students can also look at the graph as presentation of data and staistics

LESSON PLAN - ECONOMICS -EASE OF DOING BUSINESS_INFRASTRUCTURE_CORRELATION_CBSE_KNOWLEDGE

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KEY WORDS

#INFRASTRUCTURE

#HUMAN CAPITAL

#BUSINESS

#LEARNING

#CORRELAATION

#DEBATE

#FDI

#STATE GOVERNANCE

#EASE OF DOING BUSINESS

#GENERAL STUDIES

#GK

#UPSC

__________________________________________________________________________________

Bibliography-Do visit the various websites for the more detailed information of the topic

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1) Ease of doing business index - Wikipedia

2) Is Ease of Doing Business ranking over-rated? - The Hindu BusinessLine

3) Rankings (doingbusiness.org)

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INTRODUCTION

Q1  What is ease of doing business ranking?

The ease of doing business index is an index created jointly by Simeon Djankov and Gerhard Pohl, two leading economists at the World Bank Group. The academic research for the report was done jointly with professors Oliver Hart and Andrei Shleifer. Higher rankings (a low numerical value) indicate better, usually simpler, regulations for businesses and stronger protections of property rights.

Q2 Who conducts the ease of doing business index?

World Bank 

Q3 What is the current EODB Index for India?

63

Q4 What position does Narendra Modi wants as the prime minister of India to be our country in the table

Under 50

Q5 Does NITI AAYOG comes out with a state level EODB ranking

Yes

The annual ranking, in 2019, evaluated States on an 80-point check-list of reforms across 12 broad areas.

Q6 Do you think that there exist a correlation between ease of doing business and the flow of Investment

There is hardly any correlation between the ranking and flow of investments. According to Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) data, Tamil Nadu got 15.9 per cent of all investments as of the third quarter of FY21. Its EoDB ranking in 2019 was 14. Maharashtra, which came next with 9.8 per cent share, was ranked 13 and Gujarat with 8.6 per cent was ranked 10 while Karnataka with the same share was 17 in the EoDB pecking order. Andhra Pradesh (AP), which tops the EoDB ranking, got only 6.8 per cent of the investment flow while Uttar Pradesh, ranked second, got 5.3 per cent share and Telangana just 4.3 per cent though ranked third in Ease of Doing Business. 

Q7 Does it stands true for global ranking and investment

India, despite its poor World Bank EoDB ranking of 142 in 2014, was the ninth largest recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI). By 2019, it had dramatically improved its ranking to 63 but it still continued to be ninth in the FDI sweepstakes. 

Q8 What are the factors which are contributing to global investment in India?

Global investors came to India because of its attractiveness as a large market with a burgeoning middle-class and a production cost that was far lower thanQ9  mature economies. 

Q9 Which country topped the FDI inflows

Ans China tops when it comes to FDI flows taking in $141 billion in 2019 despite being ranked 31 while New Zealand, No 1 in the EoDB ranking, managed FDI of just $5.4 billion, a tenth of what India got.

Q10 Why Tamil Nadu topped the flow of investment 

What role does infrastructure plays in the development of FDI

The necessary building blocks. It has good connectivity: three ports near Chennai alone, more than one international airport and a strong road network. It has the necessary eco-system, especially the vendor base. Auto majors such as Ford, Hyundai, Renault, Nissan, Ashok Leyland and BMW, which have set up their manufacturing facilities in and around Chennai, get almost all their supplies from within a 100-kilometre radius of their plants.

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Role of Infrastructure

A top rank without the basic infrastructure — connectivity, strong eco-system, skilled manpower and lower cost of production — is of no use to the investor, domestic or foreign.

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Case Study where the role of infrastructure has played a very important role

Sri City, which was founded in 2008 in one of India’s most backward districts, has now become one of the coveted business destinations in the country with total investments close to 4 billion USD and total exports exceeding 500 million USD till date. Located 55 km north of Chennai, Sri City boasts of seamless connectivity by road, air and sea ports.

Spread over 7500 acres, Sri City includes a multiproduct Special Economic Zone (SEZ), a Domestic Tariff Zone (DTZ), a Free Trade & Warehousing Zone (FTWZ) and an Electronics Manufacturing Cluster. Sri City is home to over 185 companies from 27 countries including multinationals like Kellogg’s, Isuzu, Mondelez, Pepsi, Alstom, Kobelco, Foxconn, Danieli etc.

LINK TO VISIT THE WEBSITE

👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇

http://www.sricity.in/en/why-sri-city/

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Extra work - 

Visit the website and explore the following terms

1) Centre for monitoring Indian Economy

2) Governance Index

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Will be happy to get your valuable feedback

Write to me

pankajbhanwani@gmail.com

Follow me on Instagram

@pankajbhanwani

_______________________________________________________________________

file:///C:/Users/PRI-05/Documents/Pankaj/demand%20crosswod.html

Book Review for the book - The economics of small thing

The Economics of Small Things by Sudipta Sarangi (Penguin Books) A book for general reading for everybody to understand the economics in the daily life The stories of people going about their daily behaviour – from the trivial, such as eating (or not eating) the last slice of pizza, proudly displaying a pen in their shirt pocket (or not), to the important, such as selecting a health insurance policy, or, indeed, deciding to wear or not to wear a seat belt – are choices. Behind those choices is “serious economic behaviour”, The author says. This book deals with the ‘invisible hand’ of economics in our everyday life. It features superbly entertaining anecdotes and examples, as well as delicious and accessible explanations, and apparently the desire to spark an interest in economics among those who pick it up. The book demonstrates how our behaviour is impacted by considerations which are avidly studied by economists – that much of our behaviour can be explained and demystified by explanations found in the science of economics. ‘Dismal science?’ Hardly. Link of the book is given below - https://amzn.to/3gbNSZv

Topic Demand Class 11 Micro Economics Worksheet

Name __________________

Topic Demand

Time to be taken 10 minutes

Do write for queries and online tutor 

pankajbhanwani@gmail.com

Follow my Instagram channel @pankajbhanwani for more news articles and updates

Fill in the blanks

 ______________willing and able to buy , at each possible price during a given period of time

 ________ __________ refers to the quantity of a commodity that all consumer is willing and able to buy, at each possible price during a given period of time 

Demand is a function of ________ and can be expressed as D= f(P) 

________________ are those goods which can be used in place of one another foe satisfaction of a particular want 

______________ are those goods which are used together to satisfy a particular want

 If the given commodity is _____________ good then an increase in income leads to rise in the demand

 If the given commodity is _____________ good then an increase in income leads to fall in the demand 

_______________ __________ ____________ refers to the functional relationship between individual demand and the factors affecting individual demand 

_______________ __________ ____________ refers to the functional relationship between market demand and the factors affecting individual demand 

___________ ___________ is a tabular statement showing various quantities of a commodity being demanded at various level of price, during a given period of time 

____ _____ _______ states the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded keeping other factors constant Question 

Indian Economy at the Eve of Independence Class 12 Indian Economy

ASSIGNMENT 

INDIAN ECONOMICS

Topics (Indian economy on the of independence and planning)

CLASS 12TH

For your queries and suggestion

Be free to write 

pankajbhanwnai@gmail.com

1.	Define the following terms: ( one mark each) a) Year of grade divide. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… b) commercialization of agriculture ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… c) drain of wealth ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… d) deindustrialization ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… e) capital goods industries ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… f) economic planning ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… g) land reforms ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… h) marketable surplus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… i) import substitution ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.	Answer the following questions  in one word or sentence: ( one mark each) Name some economist who estimated India’s per capita income during the colonial period? In which two states land reforms were successful? What are examples of consumer goods industries? When was planning initiated in India? When was planning commission established? When was NITI Aayog established? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3	What was the two fold motive behind systematic de-industrialization effected by the British in pre independent India? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4	State main causes of India’s agricultural stagnation during British rule. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5	What do you understand by drain of Indian wealth during colonial period? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6	State salient feature of the flowing ( 3 mark each) a) occupational structure  b) foreign trade c) demographic conditions …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7	Were there any positive contributions made by the British in India? Discuss. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
	In which year railways was introduced in India? (1) 1892 1890 1850 1853
	Reason for low productivity in agriculture   HYV seeds Low levels of technology Improved  irrigation system All of these
	What was the rate of growth of real output in our country during the first half of the century Less than 1 percent Less than 2 percent Less than 3 percent Less than 4 percent
	Capital goods industries are those industries which Which can produce machine goods Which can produce consumer goods Both None of these
	TISCO was incorporated in 1906 1912 1978 1907